feat: add Lean name demangler and profiling pipeline (#12517)

This PR adds tooling for profiling Lean programs with human-readable
function names in Firefox Profiler:

- **`script/lean_profile.sh`** — One-command pipeline: record with
samply, symbolicate, demangle, and open in Firefox Profiler
- **`script/profiler/lean_demangle.py`** — Faithful port of
`Name.demangleAux` from `NameMangling.lean`, with a postprocessor that
folds compiler suffixes into compact annotations (`[λ, arity↓]`, `spec
at context[flags]`)
- **`script/profiler/symbolicate_profile.py`** — Resolves raw addresses
via samply's symbolication API
- **`script/profiler/serve_profile.py`** — Serves demangled profiles to
Firefox Profiler without re-symbolication
- **`PROFILER_README.md`** — Documentation including a guide to reading
demangled names

### Example output in Firefox Profiler

| Raw C symbol | Demangled |
|---|---|
| `l_Lean_Meta_Sym_main` | `Lean.Meta.Sym.main` |
| `l_Lean_Meta_foo___redArg___lam__0` | `Lean.Meta.foo [λ, arity↓]` |
| `l_Lean_MVarId_withContext___at__...___spec__2___boxed` |
`Lean.MVarId.withContext [boxed] spec at Lean.Meta.bar[λ, arity↓]` |

Example:

<img width="1145" height="570" alt="image"
src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/8d23cc6a-1b89-4c60-9f4a-9f9f0f6e7697"
/>


🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code)

---------

Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

script/PROFILER_README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+# Lean Profiler
+
+Profile Lean programs with demangled names using
+[samply](https://github.com/mstange/samply) and
+[Firefox Profiler](https://profiler.firefox.com).
+
+Python 3, no external dependencies.
+
+## Quick start
+
+```bash
+# One command: record, symbolicate, demangle, and open in Firefox Profiler
+script/lean_profile.sh ./my_lean_binary [args...]
+
+# See all options
+script/lean_profile.sh --help
+```
+
+Requirements: `samply` (`cargo install samply`), `python3`.
+
+## Reading demangled names
+
+The demangler transforms low-level C symbol names into readable Lean names
+and annotates them with compact modifiers.
+
+### Basic names
+
+| Raw symbol | Demangled |
+|---|---|
+| `l_Lean_Meta_Sym_main` | `Lean.Meta.Sym.main` |
+| `lp_std_List_map` | `List.map (std)` |
+| `_init_l_Foo_bar` | `[init] Foo.bar` |
+| `initialize_Init_Data` | `[module_init] Init.Data` |
+| `_lean_main` | `[lean] main` |
+
+### Modifier flags `[...]`
+
+Compiler-generated suffixes are folded into a bracket annotation after the
+name. These indicate *how* the function was derived from the original source
+definition.
+
+| Flag | Meaning | Compiler suffix |
+|---|---|---|
+| `arity`↓ | Reduced-arity specialization | `_redArg` |
+| `boxed` | Boxed calling-convention wrapper | `_boxed` |
+| `impl` | Implementation detail | `_impl` |
+| λ | Lambda-lifted closure | `_lam_N`, `_lambda_N`, `_elam_N` |
+| `jp` | Join point | `_jp_N` |
+| `closed` | Extracted closed subterm | `_closed_N` |
+| `private` | Private (module-scoped) definition | `_private.Module.0.` prefix |
+
+Examples:
+
+```
+Lean.Meta.Simp.simpLambda [boxed, λ]     -- boxed wrapper of a lambda-lifted closure
+Lean.Meta.foo [arity↓, private]           -- reduced-arity version of a private def
+```
+
+Multiple flags are comma-separated. Order reflects how they were collected
+(innermost suffix first).
+
+### Specializations `spec at ...`
+
+When the compiler specializes a function at a particular call site, the
+demangled name shows `spec at <context>` after the base name and its flags.
+The context names the function whose body triggered the specialization, and
+may carry its own modifier flags:
+
+```
+<base-name> [<base-flags>] spec at <context>[<context-flags>]
+```
+
+Examples:
+
+```
+-- foo specialized at call site in bar
+Lean.Meta.foo spec at Lean.Meta.bar
+
+-- foo (with a lambda closure) specialized at bar (with reduced arity and a lambda)
+Lean.Meta.foo [λ] spec at Lean.Meta.bar[λ, arity↓]
+
+-- chained specialization: foo specialized at bar, then at baz
+Lean.Meta.foo spec at Lean.Meta.bar spec at Lean.Meta.baz[arity↓]
+```
+
+Context flags use the same symbols as base flags. When a context has no
+flags, the brackets are omitted.
+
+### Other annotations
+
+| Pattern | Meaning |
+|---|---|
+| `<apply/N>` | Lean runtime apply function (N arguments) |
+| `.cold.N` suffix | LLVM cold-path clone (infrequently executed) |
+| `(pkg)` suffix | Function from package `pkg` |
+
+## Tools
+
+### `script/lean_profile.sh` -- Full profiling pipeline
+
+Records a profile, symbolicates it via samply's API, demangles Lean names,
+and opens the result in Firefox Profiler. This is the recommended workflow.
+
+```bash
+script/lean_profile.sh ./build/release/stage1/bin/lean src/Lean/Elab/Term.lean
+```
+
+Environment variables:
+
+| Variable | Default | Description |
+|---|---|---|
+| `SAMPLY_RATE` | 1000 | Sampling rate in Hz |
+| `SAMPLY_PORT` | 3756 | Port for samply symbolication server |
+| `SERVE_PORT` | 3757 | Port for serving the demangled profile |
+| `PROFILE_KEEP` | 0 | Set to 1 to keep the temp directory |
+
+### `script/profiler/lean_demangle.py` -- Name demangler
+
+Demangles individual symbol names. Works as a stdin filter (like `c++filt`)
+or with arguments.
+
+```bash
+echo "l_Lean_Meta_Sym_main" | python3 script/profiler/lean_demangle.py
+# Lean.Meta.Sym.main
+
+python3 script/profiler/lean_demangle.py --raw l_foo___redArg
+# foo._redArg  (exact name, no postprocessing)
+```
+
+As a Python module:
+
+```python
+from lean_demangle import demangle_lean_name, demangle_lean_name_raw
+
+demangle_lean_name("l_foo___redArg")       # "foo [arity↓]"
+demangle_lean_name_raw("l_foo___redArg")   # "foo._redArg"
+```
+
+### `script/profiler/symbolicate_profile.py` -- Profile symbolicator
+
+Calls samply's symbolication API to resolve raw addresses into symbol names,
+then demangles them. Used internally by `lean_profile.sh`.
+
+### `script/profiler/serve_profile.py` -- Profile server
+
+Serves a profile JSON file to Firefox Profiler without re-symbolication
+(which would overwrite demangled names). Used internally by `lean_profile.sh`.
+
+### `script/profiler/lean_demangle_profile.py` -- Standalone profile rewriter
+
+Demangles names in an already-symbolicated profile file (if you have one
+from another source).
+
+```bash
+python3 script/profiler/lean_demangle_profile.py profile.json.gz -o demangled.json.gz
+```
+
+## Tests
+
+```bash
+cd script/profiler && python3 -m unittest test_demangle -v
+```
+
+## How it works
+
+The demangler is a faithful port of Lean 4's `Name.demangleAux` from
+`src/Lean/Compiler/NameMangling.lean`. It reverses the encoding used by
+`Name.mangle` / `Name.mangleAux` which turns hierarchical Lean names into
+valid C identifiers:
+
+- `_` separates name components (`Lean.Meta` -> `Lean_Meta`)
+- `__` encodes a literal underscore in a component name
+- `_xHH`, `_uHHHH`, `_UHHHHHHHH` encode special characters
+- `_N_` encodes numeric name components
+- `_00` is a disambiguation prefix for ambiguous patterns
+
+After demangling, a postprocessing pass folds compiler-generated suffixes
+into human-readable annotations (see [Reading demangled names](#reading-demangled-names)).

script/lean_profile.sh

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+#!/bin/bash
+# Profile a Lean binary with demangled names.
+#
+# Usage:
+#   script/lean_profile.sh ./my_lean_binary [args...]
+#
+# Records a profile with samply, symbolicates via samply's API,
+# demangles Lean symbol names, and opens the result in Firefox Profiler.
+#
+# Requirements: samply (cargo install samply), python3
+#
+# Options (via environment variables):
+#   SAMPLY_RATE    — sampling rate in Hz (default: 1000)
+#   SAMPLY_PORT    — port for samply symbolication server (default: 3756)
+#   SERVE_PORT     — port for serving the demangled profile (default: 3757)
+#   PROFILE_KEEP   — set to 1 to keep the raw profile after demangling
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)"
+PROFILER_DIR="$SCRIPT_DIR/profiler"
+SYMBOLICATE="$PROFILER_DIR/symbolicate_profile.py"
+SERVE_PROFILE="$PROFILER_DIR/serve_profile.py"
+
+usage() {
+    cat >&2 <<EOF
+Usage: $0 [options] <lean-binary> [args...]
+
+Profile a Lean binary and view the results in Firefox Profiler
+with demangled Lean names.
+
+Requirements:
+  samply    cargo install samply
+  python3   (included with macOS / most Linux distros)
+
+Environment variables:
+  SAMPLY_RATE    sampling rate in Hz (default: 1000)
+  SAMPLY_PORT    port for samply symbolication server (default: 3756)
+  SERVE_PORT     port for serving the demangled profile (default: 3757)
+  PROFILE_KEEP   set to 1 to keep the temp directory after profiling
+
+Reading demangled names:
+  Compiler suffixes are shown as modifier flags after the name:
+    [arity↓]   reduced-arity specialization     (_redArg)
+    [boxed]    boxed calling-convention wrapper  (_boxed)
+    [λ]        lambda-lifted closure             (_lam_N, _lambda_N, _elam_N)
+    [jp]       join point                        (_jp_N)
+    [closed]   extracted closed subterm          (_closed_N)
+    [private]  private (module-scoped) def       (_private.Module.0. prefix)
+    [impl]     implementation detail             (_impl)
+
+  Specializations appear after the flags:
+    Lean.Meta.foo [λ] spec at Lean.Meta.bar[λ, arity↓]
+      = foo (with lambda closure), specialized at bar (lambda, reduced arity)
+
+  Multiple "spec at" entries indicate chained specializations.
+  See script/PROFILER_README.md for full documentation.
+EOF
+    exit "${1:-0}"
+}
+
+if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then
+    usage 1
+fi
+
+case "${1:-}" in
+    -h|--help) usage 0 ;;
+esac
+
+if ! command -v samply &>/dev/null; then
+    echo "error: samply not found. Install with: cargo install samply" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+RATE="${SAMPLY_RATE:-1000}"
+PORT="${SAMPLY_PORT:-3756}"
+SERVE="${SERVE_PORT:-3757}"
+TMPDIR=$(mktemp -d /tmp/lean-profile-XXXXXX)
+TMPFILE="$TMPDIR/profile.json.gz"
+DEMANGLED="$TMPDIR/profile-demangled.json.gz"
+SAMPLY_LOG="$TMPDIR/samply.log"
+SAMPLY_PID=""
+
+cleanup() {
+    if [ -n "$SAMPLY_PID" ]; then
+        kill "$SAMPLY_PID" 2>/dev/null || true
+        wait "$SAMPLY_PID" 2>/dev/null || true
+    fi
+    # Safety net: kill anything still on the symbolication port
+    lsof -ti :"$PORT" 2>/dev/null | xargs kill 2>/dev/null || true
+    [ "${PROFILE_KEEP:-0}" = "1" ] || rm -rf "$TMPDIR"
+}
+trap cleanup EXIT
+
+# Step 1: Record
+echo "Recording profile (rate=${RATE} Hz)..." >&2
+samply record --save-only -o "$TMPFILE" -r "$RATE" "$@"
+
+# Step 2: Start samply server for symbolication
+echo "Starting symbolication server..." >&2
+samply load --no-open -P "$PORT" "$TMPFILE" > "$SAMPLY_LOG" 2>&1 &
+SAMPLY_PID=$!
+
+# Wait for server to be ready
+for i in $(seq 1 30); do
+    if grep -q "Local server listening" "$SAMPLY_LOG" 2>/dev/null; then
+        break
+    fi
+    sleep 0.2
+done
+
+# Extract the token from samply's output
+TOKEN=$(grep -oE '[a-z0-9]{30,}' "$SAMPLY_LOG" | head -1)
+
+if [ -z "$TOKEN" ]; then
+    echo "error: could not get samply server token" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+SERVER_URL="http://127.0.0.1:${PORT}/${TOKEN}"
+
+# Step 3: Symbolicate + demangle
+echo "Symbolicating and demangling..." >&2
+python3 "$SYMBOLICATE" --server "$SERVER_URL" "$TMPFILE" -o "$DEMANGLED"
+
+# Step 4: Kill symbolication server
+kill "$SAMPLY_PID" 2>/dev/null || true
+wait "$SAMPLY_PID" 2>/dev/null || true
+SAMPLY_PID=""
+
+# Step 5: Serve the demangled profile directly (without samply's re-symbolication)
+echo "Opening in Firefox Profiler..." >&2
+python3 "$SERVE_PROFILE" "$DEMANGLED" -P "$SERVE"

script/profiler/lean_demangle.py

@@ -0,0 +1,779 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""
+Lean name demangler.
+
+Demangles C symbol names produced by the Lean 4 compiler back into
+readable Lean hierarchical names.
+
+Usage as a filter (like c++filt):
+    echo "l_Lean_Meta_Sym_main" | python lean_demangle.py
+
+Usage as a module:
+    from lean_demangle import demangle_lean_name
+    print(demangle_lean_name("l_Lean_Meta_Sym_main"))
+"""
+
+import sys
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# String.mangle / unmangle
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def _is_ascii_alnum(ch):
+    """Check if ch is an ASCII letter or digit (matching Lean's isAlpha/isDigit)."""
+    return ('a' <= ch <= 'z') or ('A' <= ch <= 'Z') or ('0' <= ch <= '9')
+
+
+def mangle_string(s):
+    """Port of Lean's String.mangle: escape a single string for C identifiers."""
+    result = []
+    for ch in s:
+        if _is_ascii_alnum(ch):
+            result.append(ch)
+        elif ch == '_':
+            result.append('__')
+        else:
+            code = ord(ch)
+            if code < 0x100:
+                result.append('_x' + format(code, '02x'))
+            elif code < 0x10000:
+                result.append('_u' + format(code, '04x'))
+            else:
+                result.append('_U' + format(code, '08x'))
+    return ''.join(result)
+
+
+def _parse_hex(s, pos, n):
+    """Parse n lowercase hex digits at pos. Returns (new_pos, value) or None."""
+    if pos + n > len(s):
+        return None
+    val = 0
+    for i in range(n):
+        c = s[pos + i]
+        if '0' <= c <= '9':
+            val = (val << 4) | (ord(c) - ord('0'))
+        elif 'a' <= c <= 'f':
+            val = (val << 4) | (ord(c) - ord('a') + 10)
+        else:
+            return None
+    return (pos + n, val)
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Name mangling (for round-trip verification)
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def _check_disambiguation(m):
+    """Port of Lean's checkDisambiguation: does mangled string m need a '00' prefix?"""
+    pos = 0
+    while pos < len(m):
+        ch = m[pos]
+        if ch == '_':
+            pos += 1
+            continue
+        if ch == 'x':
+            return _parse_hex(m, pos + 1, 2) is not None
+        if ch == 'u':
+            return _parse_hex(m, pos + 1, 4) is not None
+        if ch == 'U':
+            return _parse_hex(m, pos + 1, 8) is not None
+        if '0' <= ch <= '9':
+            return True
+        return False
+    # all underscores or empty
+    return True
+
+
+def _need_disambiguation(prev_component, mangled_next):
+    """Port of Lean's needDisambiguation."""
+    # Check if previous component (as a string) ends with '_'
+    prev_ends_underscore = (isinstance(prev_component, str) and
+                            len(prev_component) > 0 and
+                            prev_component[-1] == '_')
+    return prev_ends_underscore or _check_disambiguation(mangled_next)
+
+
+def mangle_name(components, prefix="l_"):
+    """
+    Mangle a list of name components (str or int) into a C symbol.
+    Port of Lean's Name.mangle.
+    """
+    if not components:
+        return prefix
+
+    parts = []
+    prev = None
+    for i, comp in enumerate(components):
+        if isinstance(comp, int):
+            if i == 0:
+                parts.append(str(comp) + '_')
+            else:
+                parts.append('_' + str(comp) + '_')
+        else:
+            m = mangle_string(comp)
+            if i == 0:
+                if _check_disambiguation(m):
+                    parts.append('00' + m)
+                else:
+                    parts.append(m)
+            else:
+                if _need_disambiguation(prev, m):
+                    parts.append('_00' + m)
+                else:
+                    parts.append('_' + m)
+        prev = comp
+
+    return prefix + ''.join(parts)
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Name demangling
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def demangle_body(s):
+    """
+    Demangle a string produced by Name.mangleAux (without prefix).
+    Returns a list of components (str or int).
+
+    This is a faithful port of Lean's Name.demangleAux from NameMangling.lean.
+    """
+    components = []
+    length = len(s)
+
+    def emit(comp):
+        components.append(comp)
+
+    def decode_num(pos, n):
+        """Parse remaining digits, emit numeric component, continue."""
+        while pos < length:
+            ch = s[pos]
+            if '0' <= ch <= '9':
+                n = n * 10 + (ord(ch) - ord('0'))
+                pos += 1
+            else:
+                # Expect '_' (trailing underscore of numeric encoding)
+                pos += 1  # skip '_'
+                emit(n)
+                if pos >= length:
+                    return pos
+                # Skip separator '_' and go to name_start
+                pos += 1
+                return name_start(pos)
+        # End of string
+        emit(n)
+        return pos
+
+    def name_start(pos):
+        """Start parsing a new name component."""
+        if pos >= length:
+            return pos
+        ch = s[pos]
+        pos += 1
+        if '0' <= ch <= '9':
+            # Check for '00' disambiguation
+            if ch == '0' and pos < length and s[pos] == '0':
+                pos += 1
+                return demangle_main(pos, "", 0)
+            else:
+                return decode_num(pos, ord(ch) - ord('0'))
+        elif ch == '_':
+            return demangle_main(pos, "", 1)
+        else:
+            return demangle_main(pos, ch, 0)
+
+    def demangle_main(pos, acc, ucount):
+        """Main demangling loop."""
+        while pos < length:
+            ch = s[pos]
+            pos += 1
+
+            if ch == '_':
+                ucount += 1
+                continue
+
+            if ucount % 2 == 0:
+                # Even underscores: literal underscores in component name
+                acc += '_' * (ucount // 2) + ch
+                ucount = 0
+                continue
+
+            # Odd ucount: separator or escape
+            if '0' <= ch <= '9':
+                # End current str component, start number
+                emit(acc + '_' * (ucount // 2))
+                if ch == '0' and pos < length and s[pos] == '0':
+                    pos += 1
+                    return demangle_main(pos, "", 0)
+                else:
+                    return decode_num(pos, ord(ch) - ord('0'))
+
+            # Try hex escapes
+            if ch == 'x':
+                result = _parse_hex(s, pos, 2)
+                if result is not None:
+                    new_pos, val = result
+                    acc += '_' * (ucount // 2) + chr(val)
+                    pos = new_pos
+                    ucount = 0
+                    continue
+
+            if ch == 'u':
+                result = _parse_hex(s, pos, 4)
+                if result is not None:
+                    new_pos, val = result
+                    acc += '_' * (ucount // 2) + chr(val)
+                    pos = new_pos
+                    ucount = 0
+                    continue
+
+            if ch == 'U':
+                result = _parse_hex(s, pos, 8)
+                if result is not None:
+                    new_pos, val = result
+                    acc += '_' * (ucount // 2) + chr(val)
+                    pos = new_pos
+                    ucount = 0
+                    continue
+
+            # Name separator
+            emit(acc)
+            acc = '_' * (ucount // 2) + ch
+            ucount = 0
+
+        # End of string
+        acc += '_' * (ucount // 2)
+        if acc:
+            emit(acc)
+        return pos
+
+    name_start(0)
+    return components
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Prefix handling for lp_ (package prefix)
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def _is_valid_string_mangle(s):
+    """Check if s is a valid output of String.mangle (no trailing bare _)."""
+    pos = 0
+    length = len(s)
+    while pos < length:
+        ch = s[pos]
+        if _is_ascii_alnum(ch):
+            pos += 1
+        elif ch == '_':
+            if pos + 1 >= length:
+                return False  # trailing bare _
+            nch = s[pos + 1]
+            if nch == '_':
+                pos += 2
+            elif nch == 'x' and _parse_hex(s, pos + 2, 2) is not None:
+                pos = _parse_hex(s, pos + 2, 2)[0]
+            elif nch == 'u' and _parse_hex(s, pos + 2, 4) is not None:
+                pos = _parse_hex(s, pos + 2, 4)[0]
+            elif nch == 'U' and _parse_hex(s, pos + 2, 8) is not None:
+                pos = _parse_hex(s, pos + 2, 8)[0]
+            else:
+                return False
+        else:
+            return False
+    return True
+
+
+def _skip_string_mangle(s, pos):
+    """
+    Skip past a String.mangle output in s starting at pos.
+    Returns the position after the mangled string (where we expect the separator '_').
+    This is a greedy scan.
+    """
+    length = len(s)
+    while pos < length:
+        ch = s[pos]
+        if _is_ascii_alnum(ch):
+            pos += 1
+        elif ch == '_':
+            if pos + 1 < length:
+                nch = s[pos + 1]
+                if nch == '_':
+                    pos += 2
+                elif nch == 'x' and _parse_hex(s, pos + 2, 2) is not None:
+                    pos = _parse_hex(s, pos + 2, 2)[0]
+                elif nch == 'u' and _parse_hex(s, pos + 2, 4) is not None:
+                    pos = _parse_hex(s, pos + 2, 4)[0]
+                elif nch == 'U' and _parse_hex(s, pos + 2, 8) is not None:
+                    pos = _parse_hex(s, pos + 2, 8)[0]
+                else:
+                    return pos  # bare '_': separator
+            else:
+                return pos
+        else:
+            return pos
+    return pos
+
+
+def _find_lp_body(s):
+    """
+    Given s = everything after 'lp_' in a symbol, find where the declaration
+    body (Name.mangleAux output) starts.
+    Returns the start index of the body within s, or None.
+
+    Strategy: try all candidate split points where the package part is a valid
+    String.mangle output and the body round-trips. Prefer the longest valid
+    package name (most specific match).
+    """
+    length = len(s)
+
+    # Collect candidate split positions: every '_' that could be the separator
+    candidates = []
+    pos = 0
+    while pos < length:
+        if s[pos] == '_':
+            candidates.append(pos)
+        pos += 1
+
+    # Try each candidate; collect all valid splits
+    valid_splits = []
+    for split_pos in candidates:
+        pkg_part = s[:split_pos]
+        if not pkg_part:
+            continue
+        if not _is_valid_string_mangle(pkg_part):
+            continue
+        body = s[split_pos + 1:]
+        if not body:
+            continue
+        components = demangle_body(body)
+        if not components:
+            continue
+        remangled = mangle_name(components, prefix="")
+        if remangled == body:
+            first = components[0]
+            # Score: prefer first component starting with uppercase
+            has_upper = isinstance(first, str) and first and first[0].isupper()
+            valid_splits.append((split_pos, has_upper))
+
+    if valid_splits:
+        # Among splits where first decl component starts uppercase, pick longest pkg.
+        # Otherwise pick shortest pkg.
+        upper_splits = [s for s in valid_splits if s[1]]
+        if upper_splits:
+            best = max(upper_splits, key=lambda x: x[0])
+        else:
+            best = min(valid_splits, key=lambda x: x[0])
+        return best[0] + 1
+
+    # Fallback: greedy String.mangle scan
+    greedy_pos = _skip_string_mangle(s, 0)
+    if greedy_pos < length and s[greedy_pos] == '_':
+        return greedy_pos + 1
+
+    return None
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Format name components for display
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def format_name(components):
+    """Format a list of name components as a dot-separated string."""
+    return '.'.join(str(c) for c in components)
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Human-friendly postprocessing
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# Compiler-generated suffix components — exact match
+_SUFFIX_FLAGS_EXACT = {
+    '_redArg':  'arity\u2193',
+    '_boxed':   'boxed',
+    '_impl':    'impl',
+}
+
+# Compiler-generated suffix prefixes — match with optional _N index
+# e.g., _lam, _lam_0, _lam_3, _lambda_0, _closed_2
+_SUFFIX_FLAGS_PREFIX = {
+    '_lam':     '\u03bb',
+    '_lambda':  '\u03bb',
+    '_elam':    '\u03bb',
+    '_jp':      'jp',
+    '_closed':  'closed',
+}
+
+
+def _match_suffix(component):
+    """
+    Check if a string component is a compiler-generated suffix.
+    Returns the flag label or None.
+
+    Handles both exact matches (_redArg, _boxed) and indexed suffixes
+    (_lam_0, _lambda_2, _closed_0) produced by appendIndexAfter.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(component, str):
+        return None
+    if component in _SUFFIX_FLAGS_EXACT:
+        return _SUFFIX_FLAGS_EXACT[component]
+    if component in _SUFFIX_FLAGS_PREFIX:
+        return _SUFFIX_FLAGS_PREFIX[component]
+    # Check for indexed suffix: prefix + _N
+    for prefix, label in _SUFFIX_FLAGS_PREFIX.items():
+        if component.startswith(prefix + '_'):
+            rest = component[len(prefix) + 1:]
+            if rest.isdigit():
+                return label
+    return None
+
+
+def _strip_private(components):
+    """Strip _private.Module.0. prefix. Returns (stripped_parts, is_private)."""
+    if (len(components) >= 3 and isinstance(components[0], str) and
+            components[0] == '_private'):
+        for i in range(1, len(components)):
+            if components[i] == 0:
+                if i + 1 < len(components):
+                    return components[i + 1:], True
+                break
+    return components, False
+
+
+def _strip_spec_suffixes(components):
+    """Strip trailing spec_N components (from appendIndexAfter)."""
+    parts = list(components)
+    while parts and isinstance(parts[-1], str) and parts[-1].startswith('spec_'):
+        rest = parts[-1][5:]
+        if rest.isdigit():
+            parts.pop()
+        else:
+            break
+    return parts
+
+
+def _is_spec_index(component):
+    """Check if a component is a spec_N index (from appendIndexAfter)."""
+    return (isinstance(component, str) and
+            component.startswith('spec_') and component[5:].isdigit())
+
+
+def _parse_spec_entries(rest):
+    """Parse _at_..._spec pairs into separate spec context entries.
+
+    Given components starting from the first _at_, returns:
+    - entries: list of component lists, one per _at_..._spec block
+    - remaining: components after the last _spec N (trailing suffixes)
+    """
+    entries = []
+    current_ctx = None
+    remaining = []
+    skip_next = False
+
+    for p in rest:
+        if skip_next:
+            skip_next = False
+            continue
+        if isinstance(p, str) and p == '_at_':
+            if current_ctx is not None:
+                entries.append(current_ctx)
+            current_ctx = []
+            continue
+        if isinstance(p, str) and p == '_spec':
+            if current_ctx is not None:
+                entries.append(current_ctx)
+                current_ctx = None
+            skip_next = True
+            continue
+        if isinstance(p, str) and p.startswith('_spec'):
+            if current_ctx is not None:
+                entries.append(current_ctx)
+                current_ctx = None
+            continue
+        if current_ctx is not None:
+            current_ctx.append(p)
+        else:
+            remaining.append(p)
+
+    if current_ctx is not None:
+        entries.append(current_ctx)
+
+    return entries, remaining
+
+
+def _process_spec_context(components):
+    """Process a spec context into a clean name and its flags.
+
+    Returns (name_parts, flags) where name_parts are the cleaned components
+    and flags is a deduplicated list of flag labels from compiler suffixes.
+    """
+    parts = list(components)
+    parts, _ = _strip_private(parts)
+
+    name_parts = []
+    ctx_flags = []
+    seen = set()
+
+    for p in parts:
+        flag = _match_suffix(p)
+        if flag is not None:
+            if flag not in seen:
+                ctx_flags.append(flag)
+                seen.add(flag)
+        elif _is_spec_index(p):
+            pass
+        else:
+            name_parts.append(p)
+
+    return name_parts, ctx_flags
+
+
+def postprocess_name(components):
+    """
+    Transform raw demangled components into a human-friendly display string.
+
+    Applies:
+    - Private name cleanup: _private.Module.0.Name.foo -> Name.foo [private]
+    - Hygienic name cleanup: strips _@.module._hygCtx._hyg.N
+    - Suffix folding: _redArg, _boxed, _lam_0, etc. -> [flags]
+    - Specialization: f._at_.g._spec.N -> f spec at g
+      Shown after base [flags], with context flags: spec at g[ctx_flags]
+    """
+    if not components:
+        return ""
+
+    parts = list(components)
+    flags = []
+    spec_entries = []
+
+    # --- Strip _private prefix ---
+    parts, is_private = _strip_private(parts)
+
+    # --- Strip hygienic suffixes: everything from _@ onward ---
+    at_idx = None
+    for i, p in enumerate(parts):
+        if isinstance(p, str) and p.startswith('_@'):
+            at_idx = i
+            break
+    if at_idx is not None:
+        parts = parts[:at_idx]
+
+    # --- Handle specialization: _at_ ... _spec N ---
+    at_positions = [i for i, p in enumerate(parts)
+                    if isinstance(p, str) and p == '_at_']
+    if at_positions:
+        first_at = at_positions[0]
+        base = parts[:first_at]
+        rest = parts[first_at:]
+
+        entries, remaining = _parse_spec_entries(rest)
+        for ctx_components in entries:
+            ctx_name, ctx_flags = _process_spec_context(ctx_components)
+            if ctx_name or ctx_flags:
+                spec_entries.append((ctx_name, ctx_flags))
+
+        parts = base + remaining
+
+    # --- Collect suffix flags from the end ---
+    while parts:
+        last = parts[-1]
+        flag = _match_suffix(last)
+        if flag is not None:
+            flags.append(flag)
+            parts.pop()
+        elif isinstance(last, int) and len(parts) >= 2:
+            prev_flag = _match_suffix(parts[-2])
+            if prev_flag is not None:
+                flags.append(prev_flag)
+                parts.pop()  # remove the number
+                parts.pop()  # remove the suffix
+            else:
+                break
+        else:
+            break
+
+    if is_private:
+        flags.append('private')
+
+    # --- Format result ---
+    name = '.'.join(str(c) for c in parts) if parts else '?'
+    result = name
+    if flags:
+        flag_str = ', '.join(flags)
+        result += f' [{flag_str}]'
+
+    for ctx_name, ctx_flags in spec_entries:
+        ctx_str = '.'.join(str(c) for c in ctx_name) if ctx_name else '?'
+        if ctx_flags:
+            ctx_flag_str = ', '.join(ctx_flags)
+            result += f' spec at {ctx_str}[{ctx_flag_str}]'
+        else:
+            result += f' spec at {ctx_str}'
+
+    return result
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Main demangling entry point
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def demangle_lean_name_raw(mangled):
+    """
+    Demangle a Lean C symbol, preserving all internal name components.
+
+    Returns the exact demangled name with all compiler-generated suffixes
+    intact. Use demangle_lean_name() for human-friendly output.
+    """
+    try:
+        return _demangle_lean_name_inner(mangled, human_friendly=False)
+    except Exception:
+        return mangled
+
+
+def demangle_lean_name(mangled):
+    """
+    Demangle a C symbol name produced by the Lean 4 compiler.
+
+    Returns a human-friendly demangled name with compiler suffixes folded
+    into readable flags. Use demangle_lean_name_raw() to preserve all
+    internal components.
+    """
+    try:
+        return _demangle_lean_name_inner(mangled, human_friendly=True)
+    except Exception:
+        return mangled
+
+
+def _demangle_lean_name_inner(mangled, human_friendly=True):
+    """Inner demangle that may raise on malformed input."""
+
+    if mangled == "_lean_main":
+        return "[lean] main"
+
+    # Handle lean_ runtime functions
+    if human_friendly and mangled.startswith("lean_apply_"):
+        rest = mangled[11:]
+        if rest.isdigit():
+            return f"<apply/{rest}>"
+
+    # Strip .cold.N suffix (LLVM linker cold function clones)
+    cold_suffix = ""
+    core = mangled
+    dot_pos = core.find('.cold.')
+    if dot_pos >= 0:
+        cold_suffix = " " + core[dot_pos:]
+        core = core[:dot_pos]
+    elif core.endswith('.cold'):
+        cold_suffix = " .cold"
+        core = core[:-5]
+
+    result = _demangle_core(core, human_friendly)
+    if result is None:
+        return mangled
+    return result + cold_suffix
+
+
+def _demangle_core(mangled, human_friendly=True):
+    """Demangle a symbol without .cold suffix. Returns None if not a Lean name."""
+
+    fmt = postprocess_name if human_friendly else format_name
+
+    # _init_ prefix
+    if mangled.startswith("_init_"):
+        rest = mangled[6:]
+        body, pkg_display = _strip_lean_prefix(rest)
+        if body is None:
+            return None
+        components = demangle_body(body)
+        if not components:
+            return None
+        name = fmt(components)
+        if pkg_display:
+            return f"[init] {name} ({pkg_display})"
+        return f"[init] {name}"
+
+    # initialize_ prefix (module init functions)
+    if mangled.startswith("initialize_"):
+        rest = mangled[11:]
+        # With package: initialize_lp_{pkg}_{body} or initialize_l_{body}
+        body, pkg_display = _strip_lean_prefix(rest)
+        if body is not None:
+            components = demangle_body(body)
+            if components:
+                name = fmt(components)
+                if pkg_display:
+                    return f"[module_init] {name} ({pkg_display})"
+                return f"[module_init] {name}"
+        # Without package: initialize_{Name.mangleAux(moduleName)}
+        if rest:
+            components = demangle_body(rest)
+            if components:
+                return f"[module_init] {fmt(components)}"
+        return None
+
+    # l_ or lp_ prefix
+    body, pkg_display = _strip_lean_prefix(mangled)
+    if body is None:
+        return None
+    components = demangle_body(body)
+    if not components:
+        return None
+    name = fmt(components)
+    if pkg_display:
+        return f"{name} ({pkg_display})"
+    return name
+
+
+def _strip_lean_prefix(s):
+    """
+    Strip the l_ or lp_ prefix from a mangled symbol.
+    Returns (body, pkg_display) where body is the Name.mangleAux output
+    and pkg_display is None or a string describing the package.
+    Returns (None, None) if the string doesn't have a recognized prefix.
+    """
+    if s.startswith("l_"):
+        return (s[2:], None)
+
+    if s.startswith("lp_"):
+        after_lp = s[3:]
+        body_start = _find_lp_body(after_lp)
+        if body_start is not None:
+            pkg_mangled = after_lp[:body_start - 1]
+            # Unmangle the package name
+            pkg_components = demangle_body(pkg_mangled)
+            if pkg_components and len(pkg_components) == 1 and isinstance(pkg_components[0], str):
+                pkg_display = pkg_components[0]
+            else:
+                pkg_display = pkg_mangled
+            return (after_lp[body_start:], pkg_display)
+        # Fallback: treat everything after lp_ as body
+        return (after_lp, "?")
+
+    return (None, None)
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# CLI
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def main():
+    """Filter stdin or arguments, demangling Lean names."""
+    import argparse
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Demangle Lean 4 C symbol names (like c++filt for Lean)")
+    parser.add_argument('names', nargs='*',
+                        help='Names to demangle (reads stdin if none given)')
+    parser.add_argument('--raw', action='store_true',
+                        help='Output exact demangled names without postprocessing')
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    demangle = demangle_lean_name_raw if args.raw else demangle_lean_name
+
+    if args.names:
+        for name in args.names:
+            print(demangle(name))
+    else:
+        for line in sys.stdin:
+            print(demangle(line.rstrip('\n')))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()

script/profiler/lean_demangle_profile.py

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""
+Lean name demangler for samply / Firefox Profiler profiles.
+
+Reads a profile JSON (plain or gzipped), demangles Lean function names
+in the string table, and writes the result back.
+
+Usage:
+    python lean_demangle_profile.py profile.json -o profile-demangled.json
+    python lean_demangle_profile.py profile.json.gz -o profile-demangled.json.gz
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import gzip
+import json
+import sys
+
+from lean_demangle import demangle_lean_name
+
+
+def _demangle_string_array(string_array):
+    """Demangle Lean names in a string array in-place. Returns count."""
+    count = 0
+    for i, s in enumerate(string_array):
+        if not isinstance(s, str):
+            continue
+        demangled = demangle_lean_name(s)
+        if demangled != s:
+            string_array[i] = demangled
+            count += 1
+    return count
+
+
+def rewrite_profile(profile):
+    """
+    Demangle Lean names in a Firefox Profiler profile dict (in-place).
+
+    Handles two profile formats:
+    - Newer: shared.stringArray (single shared string table)
+    - Older/samply: per-thread stringArray (each thread has its own)
+    """
+    count = 0
+
+    # Shared string table (newer Firefox Profiler format)
+    shared = profile.get("shared")
+    if shared is not None:
+        sa = shared.get("stringArray")
+        if sa is not None:
+            count += _demangle_string_array(sa)
+
+    # Per-thread string tables (samply format)
+    for thread in profile.get("threads", []):
+        sa = thread.get("stringArray")
+        if sa is not None:
+            count += _demangle_string_array(sa)
+
+    return count
+
+
+def process_profile_file(input_path, output_path):
+    """Read a profile, demangle names, write it back."""
+    is_gzip = input_path.endswith('.gz')
+
+    if is_gzip:
+        with gzip.open(input_path, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            profile = json.load(f)
+    else:
+        with open(input_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            profile = json.load(f)
+
+    count = rewrite_profile(profile)
+
+    out_gzip = output_path.endswith('.gz') if output_path else is_gzip
+
+    if output_path:
+        if out_gzip:
+            with gzip.open(output_path, 'wt', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                json.dump(profile, f, ensure_ascii=False)
+        else:
+            with open(output_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                json.dump(profile, f, ensure_ascii=False)
+    else:
+        json.dump(profile, sys.stdout, ensure_ascii=False)
+        sys.stdout.write('\n')
+
+    return count
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Demangle Lean names in samply/Firefox Profiler profiles")
+    parser.add_argument('input', help='Input profile (JSON or .json.gz)')
+    parser.add_argument('-o', '--output',
+                        help='Output path (default: stdout for JSON, '
+                             'or input with -demangled suffix)')
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    output = args.output
+    if output is None and not sys.stdout.isatty():
+        output = None  # write to stdout
+    elif output is None:
+        # Generate output filename
+        inp = args.input
+        if inp.endswith('.json.gz'):
+            output = inp[:-8] + '-demangled.json.gz'
+        elif inp.endswith('.json'):
+            output = inp[:-5] + '-demangled.json'
+        else:
+            output = inp + '-demangled'
+
+    count = process_profile_file(args.input, output)
+    if output:
+        print(f"Demangled {count} names, wrote {output}", file=sys.stderr)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()

script/profiler/serve_profile.py

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""
+Serve a Firefox Profiler JSON file and open it in the browser.
+
+Unlike `samply load`, this does NOT provide a symbolication API,
+so Firefox Profiler will use the names already in the profile as-is.
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import gzip
+import http.server
+import io
+import sys
+import threading
+import webbrowser
+import urllib.parse
+
+
+class ProfileHandler(http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
+    """Serve the profile JSON and handle CORS for Firefox Profiler."""
+
+    profile_data = None  # set by main()
+
+    def do_GET(self):
+        if self.path == "/profile.json":
+            self.send_response(200)
+            self.send_header("Content-Type", "application/json")
+            self.send_header("Content-Encoding", "gzip")
+            self.send_header("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*")
+            self.end_headers()
+            self.wfile.write(self.profile_data)
+        else:
+            self.send_response(404)
+            self.end_headers()
+
+    def do_OPTIONS(self):
+        # CORS preflight
+        self.send_response(200)
+        self.send_header("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*")
+        self.send_header("Access-Control-Allow-Methods", "GET")
+        self.send_header("Access-Control-Allow-Headers", "Content-Type")
+        self.end_headers()
+
+    def log_message(self, format, *args):
+        pass  # suppress request logs
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Serve a profile JSON for Firefox Profiler")
+    parser.add_argument("profile", help="Profile file (.json or .json.gz)")
+    parser.add_argument("-P", "--port", type=int, default=3457,
+                        help="Port to serve on (default: 3457)")
+    parser.add_argument("-n", "--no-open", action="store_true",
+                        help="Do not open the browser")
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    # Read the profile data (keep it gzipped for efficient serving)
+    if args.profile.endswith(".gz"):
+        with open(args.profile, "rb") as f:
+            ProfileHandler.profile_data = f.read()
+    else:
+        with open(args.profile, "rb") as f:
+            raw = f.read()
+        buf = io.BytesIO()
+        with gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=buf, mode="wb") as gz:
+            gz.write(raw)
+        ProfileHandler.profile_data = buf.getvalue()
+
+    http.server.HTTPServer.allow_reuse_address = True
+    server = http.server.HTTPServer(("127.0.0.1", args.port), ProfileHandler)
+    profile_url = f"http://127.0.0.1:{args.port}/profile.json"
+    encoded = urllib.parse.quote(profile_url, safe="")
+    viewer_url = f"https://profiler.firefox.com/from-url/{encoded}"
+
+    if not args.no_open:
+        # Open browser after a short delay to let server start
+        def open_browser():
+            webbrowser.open(viewer_url)
+        threading.Timer(0.5, open_browser).start()
+
+    print(f"Serving profile at {profile_url}", file=sys.stderr)
+    print(f"Firefox Profiler: {viewer_url}", file=sys.stderr)
+    print("Press Ctrl+C to stop.", file=sys.stderr)
+
+    try:
+        server.serve_forever()
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        print("\nStopped.", file=sys.stderr)
+        server.server_close()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

script/profiler/symbolicate_profile.py

@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""
+Symbolicate a raw samply profile using samply's symbolication API,
+then demangle Lean names.
+
+Usage:
+    python symbolicate_profile.py --server http://127.0.0.1:3000/TOKEN \
+        raw-profile.json.gz -o symbolicated-demangled.json.gz
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import gzip
+import json
+import sys
+import urllib.request
+
+from lean_demangle import demangle_lean_name
+
+
+def symbolicate_and_demangle(profile, server_url):
+    """
+    Symbolicate a raw samply profile via the symbolication API,
+    then demangle Lean names. Modifies the profile in-place.
+    Returns the number of names resolved.
+    """
+    libs = profile.get("libs", [])
+    memory_map = [[lib["debugName"], lib["breakpadId"]] for lib in libs]
+
+    count = 0
+    for thread in profile.get("threads", []):
+        count += _process_thread(thread, libs, memory_map, server_url)
+
+    return count
+
+
+def _process_thread(thread, libs, memory_map, server_url):
+    """Symbolicate and demangle one thread. Returns count of resolved names."""
+    sa = thread.get("stringArray")
+    ft = thread.get("frameTable")
+    func_t = thread.get("funcTable")
+    rt = thread.get("resourceTable")
+
+    if not all([sa, ft, func_t, rt]):
+        return 0
+
+    # Build mapping: func_index -> (lib_index, address)
+    # A function may be referenced by multiple frames; pick any address.
+    func_info = {}  # func_idx -> (lib_idx, address)
+    for i in range(ft.get("length", 0)):
+        addr = ft["address"][i]
+        func_idx = ft["func"][i]
+        if func_idx in func_info:
+            continue
+        res_idx = func_t["resource"][func_idx]
+        if res_idx < 0 or res_idx >= rt.get("length", 0):
+            continue
+        lib_idx = rt["lib"][res_idx]
+        if lib_idx < 0 or lib_idx >= len(libs):
+            continue
+        func_info[func_idx] = (lib_idx, addr)
+
+    if not func_info:
+        return 0
+
+    # Batch symbolication: group by lib, send all addresses at once
+    frames_to_symbolicate = []
+    func_order = []  # track which func each frame corresponds to
+    for func_idx, (lib_idx, addr) in func_info.items():
+        frames_to_symbolicate.append([lib_idx, addr])
+        func_order.append(func_idx)
+
+    # Call the symbolication API
+    symbols = _call_symbolication_api(
+        server_url, memory_map, frames_to_symbolicate)
+
+    if not symbols:
+        return 0
+
+    # Update stringArray with demangled names
+    count = 0
+    for func_idx, symbol_name in zip(func_order, symbols):
+        if symbol_name is None:
+            continue
+        demangled = demangle_lean_name(symbol_name)
+        name_idx = func_t["name"][func_idx]
+        if name_idx < len(sa):
+            sa[name_idx] = demangled
+            count += 1
+
+    return count
+
+
+def _call_symbolication_api(server_url, memory_map, frames):
+    """
+    Call the Firefox Profiler symbolication API v5.
+    frames: list of [lib_index, address]
+    Returns: list of symbol names (or None for unresolved frames).
+    """
+    url = server_url.rstrip("/") + "/symbolicate/v5"
+
+    # Send all frames as one "stack" in one job
+    req_body = json.dumps({
+        "memoryMap": memory_map,
+        "stacks": [frames],
+    }).encode()
+
+    req = urllib.request.Request(
+        url,
+        data=req_body,
+        headers={"Content-Type": "application/json"},
+    )
+
+    try:
+        with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=60) as resp:
+            result = json.loads(resp.read())
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"Symbolication API error: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
+        return None
+
+    if "error" in result:
+        print(f"Symbolication API error: {result['error']}", file=sys.stderr)
+        return None
+
+    # Extract symbol names from result
+    results = result.get("results", [])
+    if not results:
+        return None
+
+    stacks = results[0].get("stacks", [[]])
+    if not stacks:
+        return None
+
+    symbols = []
+    for frame_result in stacks[0]:
+        if isinstance(frame_result, dict):
+            symbols.append(frame_result.get("function"))
+        elif isinstance(frame_result, str):
+            symbols.append(frame_result)
+        else:
+            symbols.append(None)
+
+    return symbols
+
+
+def process_file(input_path, output_path, server_url):
+    """Read a raw profile, symbolicate + demangle, write it back."""
+    is_gzip = input_path.endswith('.gz')
+
+    if is_gzip:
+        with gzip.open(input_path, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            profile = json.load(f)
+    else:
+        with open(input_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            profile = json.load(f)
+
+    count = symbolicate_and_demangle(profile, server_url)
+
+    out_gzip = output_path.endswith('.gz') if output_path else is_gzip
+    if output_path:
+        if out_gzip:
+            with gzip.open(output_path, 'wt', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                json.dump(profile, f, ensure_ascii=False)
+        else:
+            with open(output_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                json.dump(profile, f, ensure_ascii=False)
+    else:
+        json.dump(profile, sys.stdout, ensure_ascii=False)
+        sys.stdout.write('\n')
+
+    return count
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Symbolicate a raw samply profile and demangle Lean names")
+    parser.add_argument('input', help='Raw profile (JSON or .json.gz)')
+    parser.add_argument('-o', '--output', help='Output path')
+    parser.add_argument('--server', required=True,
+                        help='Samply server URL (e.g., http://127.0.0.1:3000/TOKEN)')
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    output = args.output
+    if output is None:
+        inp = args.input
+        if inp.endswith('.json.gz'):
+            output = inp[:-8] + '-demangled.json.gz'
+        elif inp.endswith('.json'):
+            output = inp[:-5] + '-demangled.json'
+        else:
+            output = inp + '-demangled'
+
+    count = process_file(args.input, output, args.server)
+    print(f"Symbolicated and demangled {count} names, wrote {output}",
+          file=sys.stderr)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()

script/profiler/test_demangle.py

@@ -0,0 +1,670 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Tests for the Lean name demangler."""
+
+import unittest
+import json
+import gzip
+import tempfile
+import os
+
+from lean_demangle import (
+    mangle_string, mangle_name, demangle_body, format_name,
+    demangle_lean_name, demangle_lean_name_raw, postprocess_name,
+    _parse_hex, _check_disambiguation,
+)
+
+
+class TestStringMangle(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test String.mangle (character-level escaping)."""
+
+    def test_alphanumeric(self):
+        self.assertEqual(mangle_string("hello"), "hello")
+        self.assertEqual(mangle_string("abc123"), "abc123")
+
+    def test_underscore(self):
+        self.assertEqual(mangle_string("a_b"), "a__b")
+        self.assertEqual(mangle_string("_"), "__")
+        self.assertEqual(mangle_string("__"), "____")
+
+    def test_special_chars(self):
+        self.assertEqual(mangle_string("."), "_x2e")
+        self.assertEqual(mangle_string("a.b"), "a_x2eb")
+
+    def test_unicode(self):
+        self.assertEqual(mangle_string("\u03bb"), "_u03bb")
+        self.assertEqual(mangle_string("\U0001d55c"), "_U0001d55c")
+
+    def test_empty(self):
+        self.assertEqual(mangle_string(""), "")
+
+
+class TestNameMangle(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test Name.mangle (hierarchical name mangling)."""
+
+    def test_simple(self):
+        self.assertEqual(mangle_name(["Lean", "Meta", "Sym", "main"]),
+                         "l_Lean_Meta_Sym_main")
+
+    def test_single_component(self):
+        self.assertEqual(mangle_name(["main"]), "l_main")
+
+    def test_numeric_component(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            mangle_name(["_private", "Lean", "Meta", "Basic", 0,
+                         "Lean", "Meta", "withMVarContextImp"]),
+            "l___private_Lean_Meta_Basic_0__Lean_Meta_withMVarContextImp")
+
+    def test_component_with_underscore(self):
+        self.assertEqual(mangle_name(["a_b"]), "l_a__b")
+        self.assertEqual(mangle_name(["a_b", "c"]), "l_a__b_c")
+
+    def test_disambiguation_digit_start(self):
+        self.assertEqual(mangle_name(["0foo"]), "l_000foo")
+
+    def test_disambiguation_escape_start(self):
+        self.assertEqual(mangle_name(["a", "x27"]), "l_a_00x27")
+
+    def test_numeric_root(self):
+        self.assertEqual(mangle_name([42]), "l_42_")
+        self.assertEqual(mangle_name([42, "foo"]), "l_42__foo")
+
+    def test_component_ending_with_underscore(self):
+        self.assertEqual(mangle_name(["a_", "b"]), "l_a___00b")
+
+    def test_custom_prefix(self):
+        self.assertEqual(mangle_name(["foo"], prefix="lp_pkg_"),
+                         "lp_pkg_foo")
+
+
+class TestDemangleBody(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test demangle_body (the core Name.demangleAux algorithm)."""
+
+    def test_simple(self):
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_body("Lean_Meta_Sym_main"),
+                         ["Lean", "Meta", "Sym", "main"])
+
+    def test_single(self):
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_body("main"), ["main"])
+
+    def test_empty(self):
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_body(""), [])
+
+    def test_underscore_in_component(self):
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_body("a__b"), ["a_b"])
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_body("a__b_c"), ["a_b", "c"])
+
+    def test_numeric_component(self):
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_body("foo_42__bar"), ["foo", 42, "bar"])
+
+    def test_numeric_root(self):
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_body("42_"), [42])
+
+    def test_numeric_at_end(self):
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_body("foo_42_"), ["foo", 42])
+
+    def test_disambiguation_00(self):
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_body("a_00x27"), ["a", "x27"])
+
+    def test_disambiguation_00_at_root(self):
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_body("000foo"), ["0foo"])
+
+    def test_hex_escape_x(self):
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_body("a_x2eb"), ["a.b"])
+
+    def test_hex_escape_u(self):
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_body("_u03bb"), ["\u03bb"])
+
+    def test_hex_escape_U(self):
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_body("_U0001d55c"), ["\U0001d55c"])
+
+    def test_private_name(self):
+        body = "__private_Lean_Meta_Basic_0__Lean_Meta_withMVarContextImp"
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_body(body),
+                         ["_private", "Lean", "Meta", "Basic", 0,
+                          "Lean", "Meta", "withMVarContextImp"])
+
+    def test_boxed_suffix(self):
+        body = "foo___boxed"
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_body(body), ["foo", "_boxed"])
+
+    def test_redArg_suffix(self):
+        body = "foo_bar___redArg"
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_body(body), ["foo", "bar", "_redArg"])
+
+    def test_component_ending_underscore_disambiguation(self):
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_body("a___00b"), ["a_", "b"])
+
+
+class TestRoundTrip(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test that mangle(demangle(x)) == x for various names."""
+
+    def _check_roundtrip(self, components):
+        mangled = mangle_name(components, prefix="")
+        demangled = demangle_body(mangled)
+        self.assertEqual(demangled, components,
+                         f"Round-trip failed: {components} -> '{mangled}' -> {demangled}")
+        mangled_with_prefix = mangle_name(components, prefix="l_")
+        self.assertTrue(mangled_with_prefix.startswith("l_"))
+        body = mangled_with_prefix[2:]
+        demangled2 = demangle_body(body)
+        self.assertEqual(demangled2, components)
+
+    def test_simple_names(self):
+        self._check_roundtrip(["Lean", "Meta", "main"])
+        self._check_roundtrip(["a"])
+        self._check_roundtrip(["Foo", "Bar", "baz"])
+
+    def test_numeric(self):
+        self._check_roundtrip(["foo", 0, "bar"])
+        self._check_roundtrip([42])
+        self._check_roundtrip(["a", 1, "b", 2, "c"])
+
+    def test_underscores(self):
+        self._check_roundtrip(["_private"])
+        self._check_roundtrip(["a_b", "c_d"])
+        self._check_roundtrip(["_at_", "_spec"])
+
+    def test_private_name(self):
+        self._check_roundtrip(["_private", "Lean", "Meta", "Basic", 0,
+                                "Lean", "Meta", "withMVarContextImp"])
+
+    def test_boxed(self):
+        self._check_roundtrip(["Lean", "Meta", "foo", "_boxed"])
+
+    def test_redArg(self):
+        self._check_roundtrip(["Lean", "Meta", "foo", "_redArg"])
+
+    def test_specialization(self):
+        self._check_roundtrip(["List", "map", "_at_", "Foo", "bar", "_spec", 3])
+
+    def test_lambda(self):
+        self._check_roundtrip(["Foo", "bar", "_lambda", 0])
+        self._check_roundtrip(["Foo", "bar", "_lambda", 2])
+
+    def test_closed(self):
+        self._check_roundtrip(["myConst", "_closed", 0])
+
+    def test_special_chars(self):
+        self._check_roundtrip(["a.b"])
+        self._check_roundtrip(["\u03bb"])
+        self._check_roundtrip(["a", "b\u2192c"])
+
+    def test_disambiguation_cases(self):
+        self._check_roundtrip(["a", "x27"])
+        self._check_roundtrip(["0foo"])
+        self._check_roundtrip(["a_", "b"])
+
+    def test_complex_real_names(self):
+        """Names modeled after real Lean compiler output."""
+        self._check_roundtrip(
+            ["Lean", "MVarId", "withContext", "_at_",
+             "_private", "Lean", "Meta", "Sym", 0,
+             "Lean", "Meta", "Sym", "BackwardRule", "apply",
+             "_spec", 2, "_redArg", "_lambda", 0, "_boxed"])
+
+
+class TestDemangleRaw(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test demangle_lean_name_raw (exact demangling, no postprocessing)."""
+
+    def test_l_prefix(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            demangle_lean_name_raw("l_Lean_Meta_Sym_main"),
+            "Lean.Meta.Sym.main")
+
+    def test_l_prefix_private(self):
+        result = demangle_lean_name_raw(
+            "l___private_Lean_Meta_Basic_0__Lean_Meta_withMVarContextImp")
+        self.assertEqual(result,
+                         "_private.Lean.Meta.Basic.0.Lean.Meta.withMVarContextImp")
+
+    def test_l_prefix_boxed(self):
+        result = demangle_lean_name_raw("l_foo___boxed")
+        self.assertEqual(result, "foo._boxed")
+
+    def test_l_prefix_redArg(self):
+        result = demangle_lean_name_raw(
+            "l___private_Lean_Meta_Basic_0__Lean_Meta_withMVarContextImp___redArg")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            result,
+            "_private.Lean.Meta.Basic.0.Lean.Meta.withMVarContextImp._redArg")
+
+    def test_lean_main(self):
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_lean_name_raw("_lean_main"), "[lean] main")
+
+    def test_non_lean_names(self):
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_lean_name_raw("printf"), "printf")
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_lean_name_raw("malloc"), "malloc")
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_lean_name_raw("lean_apply_5"), "lean_apply_5")
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_lean_name_raw(""), "")
+
+    def test_init_prefix(self):
+        result = demangle_lean_name_raw("_init_l_Lean_Meta_foo")
+        self.assertEqual(result, "[init] Lean.Meta.foo")
+
+    def test_lp_prefix_simple(self):
+        mangled = mangle_name(["Lean", "Meta", "foo"], prefix="lp_std_")
+        self.assertEqual(mangled, "lp_std_Lean_Meta_foo")
+        result = demangle_lean_name_raw(mangled)
+        self.assertEqual(result, "Lean.Meta.foo (std)")
+
+    def test_lp_prefix_underscore_pkg(self):
+        pkg_mangled = mangle_string("my_pkg")
+        self.assertEqual(pkg_mangled, "my__pkg")
+        mangled = mangle_name(["Lean", "Meta", "foo"],
+                              prefix=f"lp_{pkg_mangled}_")
+        self.assertEqual(mangled, "lp_my__pkg_Lean_Meta_foo")
+        result = demangle_lean_name_raw(mangled)
+        self.assertEqual(result, "Lean.Meta.foo (my_pkg)")
+
+    def test_lp_prefix_private_decl(self):
+        mangled = mangle_name(
+            ["_private", "X", 0, "Y", "foo"], prefix="lp_pkg_")
+        self.assertEqual(mangled, "lp_pkg___private_X_0__Y_foo")
+        result = demangle_lean_name_raw(mangled)
+        self.assertEqual(result, "_private.X.0.Y.foo (pkg)")
+
+    def test_complex_specialization(self):
+        components = [
+            "Lean", "MVarId", "withContext", "_at_",
+            "_private", "Lean", "Meta", "Sym", 0,
+            "Lean", "Meta", "Sym", "BackwardRule", "apply",
+            "_spec", 2, "_redArg", "_lambda", 0, "_boxed"
+        ]
+        mangled = mangle_name(components)
+        result = demangle_lean_name_raw(mangled)
+        expected = format_name(components)
+        self.assertEqual(result, expected)
+
+    def test_cold_suffix(self):
+        result = demangle_lean_name_raw("l_Lean_Meta_foo___redArg.cold.1")
+        self.assertEqual(result, "Lean.Meta.foo._redArg .cold.1")
+
+    def test_cold_suffix_plain(self):
+        result = demangle_lean_name_raw("l_Lean_Meta_foo.cold")
+        self.assertEqual(result, "Lean.Meta.foo .cold")
+
+    def test_initialize_no_pkg(self):
+        result = demangle_lean_name_raw("initialize_Init_Control_Basic")
+        self.assertEqual(result, "[module_init] Init.Control.Basic")
+
+    def test_initialize_with_l_prefix(self):
+        result = demangle_lean_name_raw("initialize_l_Lean_Meta_foo")
+        self.assertEqual(result, "[module_init] Lean.Meta.foo")
+
+    def test_never_crashes(self):
+        """Demangling should never raise, just return the original."""
+        weird_inputs = [
+            "", "l_", "lp_", "lp_x", "_init_", "initialize_",
+            "l_____", "lp____", "l_00", "l_0",
+            "some random string", "l_ space",
+        ]
+        for inp in weird_inputs:
+            result = demangle_lean_name_raw(inp)
+            self.assertIsInstance(result, str)
+
+
+class TestPostprocess(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test postprocess_name (human-friendly suffix folding, etc.)."""
+
+    def test_no_change(self):
+        self.assertEqual(postprocess_name(["Lean", "Meta", "main"]),
+                         "Lean.Meta.main")
+
+    def test_boxed(self):
+        self.assertEqual(postprocess_name(["foo", "_boxed"]),
+                         "foo [boxed]")
+
+    def test_redArg(self):
+        self.assertEqual(postprocess_name(["foo", "bar", "_redArg"]),
+                         "foo.bar [arity\u2193]")
+
+    def test_lambda_separate(self):
+        # _lam as separate component + numeric index
+        self.assertEqual(postprocess_name(["foo", "_lam", 0]),
+                         "foo [\u03bb]")
+
+    def test_lambda_indexed(self):
+        # _lam_0 as single string (appendIndexAfter)
+        self.assertEqual(postprocess_name(["foo", "_lam_0"]),
+                         "foo [\u03bb]")
+        self.assertEqual(postprocess_name(["foo", "_lambda_2"]),
+                         "foo [\u03bb]")
+
+    def test_lambda_boxed(self):
+        # _lam_0 followed by _boxed
+        self.assertEqual(
+            postprocess_name(["Lean", "Meta", "Simp", "simpLambda",
+                              "_lam_0", "_boxed"]),
+            "Lean.Meta.Simp.simpLambda [boxed, \u03bb]")
+
+    def test_closed(self):
+        self.assertEqual(postprocess_name(["myConst", "_closed", 3]),
+                         "myConst [closed]")
+
+    def test_closed_indexed(self):
+        self.assertEqual(postprocess_name(["myConst", "_closed_0"]),
+                         "myConst [closed]")
+
+    def test_multiple_suffixes(self):
+        self.assertEqual(postprocess_name(["foo", "_redArg", "_boxed"]),
+                         "foo [boxed, arity\u2193]")
+
+    def test_redArg_lam(self):
+        # _redArg followed by _lam_0 (issue #4)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            postprocess_name(["Lean", "profileitIOUnsafe",
+                              "_redArg", "_lam_0"]),
+            "Lean.profileitIOUnsafe [\u03bb, arity\u2193]")
+
+    def test_private_name(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            postprocess_name(["_private", "Lean", "Meta", "Basic", 0,
+                              "Lean", "Meta", "withMVarContextImp"]),
+            "Lean.Meta.withMVarContextImp [private]")
+
+    def test_private_with_suffix(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            postprocess_name(["_private", "Lean", "Meta", "Basic", 0,
+                              "Lean", "Meta", "foo", "_redArg"]),
+            "Lean.Meta.foo [arity\u2193, private]")
+
+    def test_hygienic_strip(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            postprocess_name(["Lean", "Meta", "foo", "_@", "Lean", "Meta",
+                              "_hyg", 42]),
+            "Lean.Meta.foo")
+
+    def test_specialization(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            postprocess_name(["List", "map", "_at_", "Foo", "bar",
+                              "_spec", 3]),
+            "List.map spec at Foo.bar")
+
+    def test_specialization_with_suffix(self):
+        # Base suffix _boxed appears in [flags] before spec at
+        self.assertEqual(
+            postprocess_name(["Lean", "MVarId", "withContext", "_at_",
+                              "Foo", "bar", "_spec", 2, "_boxed"]),
+            "Lean.MVarId.withContext [boxed] spec at Foo.bar")
+
+    def test_spec_context_with_flags(self):
+        # Compiler suffixes in spec context become context flags
+        self.assertEqual(
+            postprocess_name(["Lean", "Meta", "foo", "_at_",
+                              "Lean", "Meta", "bar", "_elam_1", "_redArg",
+                              "_spec", 2]),
+            "Lean.Meta.foo spec at Lean.Meta.bar[\u03bb, arity\u2193]")
+
+    def test_spec_context_flags_dedup(self):
+        # Duplicate flag labels are deduplicated
+        self.assertEqual(
+            postprocess_name(["f", "_at_",
+                              "g", "_lam_0", "_elam_1", "_redArg",
+                              "_spec", 1]),
+            "f spec at g[\u03bb, arity\u2193]")
+
+    def test_multiple_at(self):
+        # Multiple _at_ entries become separate spec at clauses
+        self.assertEqual(
+            postprocess_name(["f", "_at_", "g", "_spec", 1,
+                              "_at_", "h", "_spec", 2]),
+            "f spec at g spec at h")
+
+    def test_multiple_at_with_flags(self):
+        # Multiple spec at with flags on base and contexts
+        self.assertEqual(
+            postprocess_name(["f", "_at_", "g", "_redArg", "_spec", 1,
+                              "_at_", "h", "_lam_0", "_spec", 2,
+                              "_boxed"]),
+            "f [boxed] spec at g[arity\u2193] spec at h[\u03bb]")
+
+    def test_base_flags_before_spec(self):
+        # Base trailing suffixes appear in [flags] before spec at
+        self.assertEqual(
+            postprocess_name(["f", "_at_", "g", "_spec", 1, "_lam_0"]),
+            "f [\u03bb] spec at g")
+
+    def test_spec_context_strip_spec_suffixes(self):
+        # spec_0 in context should be stripped
+        self.assertEqual(
+            postprocess_name(["Lean", "Meta", "transformWithCache", "visit",
+                              "_at_",
+                              "_private", "Lean", "Meta", "Transform", 0,
+                              "Lean", "Meta", "transform",
+                              "Lean", "Meta", "Sym", "unfoldReducible",
+                              "spec_0", "spec_0",
+                              "_spec", 1]),
+            "Lean.Meta.transformWithCache.visit "
+            "spec at Lean.Meta.transform.Lean.Meta.Sym.unfoldReducible")
+
+    def test_spec_context_strip_private(self):
+        # _private in spec context should be stripped
+        self.assertEqual(
+            postprocess_name(["Array", "mapMUnsafe", "map", "_at_",
+                              "_private", "Lean", "Meta", "Transform", 0,
+                              "Lean", "Meta", "transformWithCache", "visit",
+                              "_spec", 1]),
+            "Array.mapMUnsafe.map "
+            "spec at Lean.Meta.transformWithCache.visit")
+
+    def test_empty(self):
+        self.assertEqual(postprocess_name([]), "")
+
+
+class TestDemangleHumanFriendly(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test demangle_lean_name (human-friendly output)."""
+
+    def test_simple(self):
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_lean_name("l_Lean_Meta_main"),
+                         "Lean.Meta.main")
+
+    def test_boxed(self):
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_lean_name("l_foo___boxed"),
+                         "foo [boxed]")
+
+    def test_redArg(self):
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_lean_name("l_foo___redArg"),
+                         "foo [arity\u2193]")
+
+    def test_private(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            demangle_lean_name(
+                "l___private_Lean_Meta_Basic_0__Lean_Meta_foo"),
+            "Lean.Meta.foo [private]")
+
+    def test_private_with_redArg(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            demangle_lean_name(
+                "l___private_Lean_Meta_Basic_0__Lean_Meta_foo___redArg"),
+            "Lean.Meta.foo [arity\u2193, private]")
+
+    def test_cold_with_suffix(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            demangle_lean_name("l_Lean_Meta_foo___redArg.cold.1"),
+            "Lean.Meta.foo [arity\u2193] .cold.1")
+
+    def test_lean_apply(self):
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_lean_name("lean_apply_5"), "<apply/5>")
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_lean_name("lean_apply_12"), "<apply/12>")
+
+    def test_lean_apply_raw_unchanged(self):
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_lean_name_raw("lean_apply_5"),
+                         "lean_apply_5")
+
+    def test_init_private(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            demangle_lean_name(
+                "_init_l___private_X_0__Y_foo"),
+            "[init] Y.foo [private]")
+
+    def test_complex_specialization(self):
+        components = [
+            "Lean", "MVarId", "withContext", "_at_",
+            "_private", "Lean", "Meta", "Sym", 0,
+            "Lean", "Meta", "Sym", "BackwardRule", "apply",
+            "_spec", 2, "_redArg", "_lambda", 0, "_boxed"
+        ]
+        mangled = mangle_name(components)
+        result = demangle_lean_name(mangled)
+        # Base: Lean.MVarId.withContext with trailing _redArg, _lambda 0, _boxed
+        # Spec context: Lean.Meta.Sym.BackwardRule.apply (private stripped)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            result,
+            "Lean.MVarId.withContext [boxed, \u03bb, arity\u2193] "
+            "spec at Lean.Meta.Sym.BackwardRule.apply")
+
+    def test_non_lean_unchanged(self):
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_lean_name("printf"), "printf")
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_lean_name("malloc"), "malloc")
+        self.assertEqual(demangle_lean_name(""), "")
+
+
+class TestDemangleProfile(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test the profile rewriter."""
+
+    def _make_profile_shared(self, strings):
+        """Create a profile with shared.stringArray (newer format)."""
+        return {
+            "meta": {"version": 28},
+            "libs": [],
+            "shared": {
+                "stringArray": list(strings),
+            },
+            "threads": [{
+                "name": "main",
+                "pid": "1",
+                "tid": 1,
+                "funcTable": {
+                    "name": list(range(len(strings))),
+                    "isJS": [False] * len(strings),
+                    "relevantForJS": [False] * len(strings),
+                    "resource": [-1] * len(strings),
+                    "fileName": [None] * len(strings),
+                    "lineNumber": [None] * len(strings),
+                    "columnNumber": [None] * len(strings),
+                    "length": len(strings),
+                },
+                "frameTable": {"length": 0},
+                "stackTable": {"length": 0},
+                "samples": {"length": 0},
+                "markers": {"length": 0},
+                "resourceTable": {"length": 0},
+                "nativeSymbols": {"length": 0},
+            }],
+            "pages": [],
+            "counters": [],
+        }
+
+    def _make_profile_per_thread(self, strings):
+        """Create a profile with per-thread stringArray (samply format)."""
+        return {
+            "meta": {"version": 28},
+            "libs": [],
+            "threads": [{
+                "name": "main",
+                "pid": "1",
+                "tid": 1,
+                "stringArray": list(strings),
+                "funcTable": {
+                    "name": list(range(len(strings))),
+                    "isJS": [False] * len(strings),
+                    "relevantForJS": [False] * len(strings),
+                    "resource": [-1] * len(strings),
+                    "fileName": [None] * len(strings),
+                    "lineNumber": [None] * len(strings),
+                    "columnNumber": [None] * len(strings),
+                    "length": len(strings),
+                },
+                "frameTable": {"length": 0},
+                "stackTable": {"length": 0},
+                "samples": {"length": 0},
+                "markers": {"length": 0},
+                "resourceTable": {"length": 0},
+                "nativeSymbols": {"length": 0},
+            }],
+            "pages": [],
+            "counters": [],
+        }
+
+    def test_profile_rewrite_shared(self):
+        from lean_demangle_profile import rewrite_profile
+        strings = [
+            "l_Lean_Meta_Sym_main",
+            "printf",
+            "lean_apply_5",
+            "l___private_Lean_Meta_Basic_0__Lean_Meta_foo",
+        ]
+        profile = self._make_profile_shared(strings)
+        rewrite_profile(profile)
+        sa = profile["shared"]["stringArray"]
+        self.assertEqual(sa[0], "Lean.Meta.Sym.main")
+        self.assertEqual(sa[1], "printf")
+        self.assertEqual(sa[2], "<apply/5>")
+        self.assertEqual(sa[3], "Lean.Meta.foo [private]")
+
+    def test_profile_rewrite_per_thread(self):
+        from lean_demangle_profile import rewrite_profile
+        strings = [
+            "l_Lean_Meta_Sym_main",
+            "printf",
+            "lean_apply_5",
+            "l___private_Lean_Meta_Basic_0__Lean_Meta_foo",
+        ]
+        profile = self._make_profile_per_thread(strings)
+        count = rewrite_profile(profile)
+        sa = profile["threads"][0]["stringArray"]
+        self.assertEqual(sa[0], "Lean.Meta.Sym.main")
+        self.assertEqual(sa[1], "printf")
+        self.assertEqual(sa[2], "<apply/5>")
+        self.assertEqual(sa[3], "Lean.Meta.foo [private]")
+        self.assertEqual(count, 3)
+
+    def test_profile_json_roundtrip(self):
+        from lean_demangle_profile import process_profile_file
+        strings = ["l_Lean_Meta_main", "malloc"]
+        profile = self._make_profile_shared(strings)
+
+        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w', suffix='.json',
+                                         delete=False) as f:
+            json.dump(profile, f)
+            inpath = f.name
+
+        outpath = inpath.replace('.json', '-demangled.json')
+        try:
+            process_profile_file(inpath, outpath)
+            with open(outpath) as f:
+                result = json.load(f)
+            self.assertEqual(result["shared"]["stringArray"][0],
+                             "Lean.Meta.main")
+            self.assertEqual(result["shared"]["stringArray"][1], "malloc")
+        finally:
+            os.unlink(inpath)
+            if os.path.exists(outpath):
+                os.unlink(outpath)
+
+    def test_profile_gzip_roundtrip(self):
+        from lean_demangle_profile import process_profile_file
+        strings = ["l_Lean_Meta_main", "malloc"]
+        profile = self._make_profile_shared(strings)
+
+        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix='.json.gz',
+                                         delete=False) as f:
+            with gzip.open(f, 'wt') as gz:
+                json.dump(profile, gz)
+            inpath = f.name
+
+        outpath = inpath.replace('.json.gz', '-demangled.json.gz')
+        try:
+            process_profile_file(inpath, outpath)
+            with gzip.open(outpath, 'rt') as f:
+                result = json.load(f)
+            self.assertEqual(result["shared"]["stringArray"][0],
+                             "Lean.Meta.main")
+        finally:
+            os.unlink(inpath)
+            if os.path.exists(outpath):
+                os.unlink(outpath)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()